The holotype and only specimen of C. temnospondyla (MNB R 1890) consists of a series of 14 articulated caudal vertebrae forming the distal tip of a tail. Associated with this vertebral series is a small disarticulated bone interpreted as a chevron (see below). The specimen actually consists of two slabs of lithographic limestone: the main slab with the bony material (MNB R 1980.1; Fig. 1) and the counter-slab (MNB R 1890.2; Fig. 2) preserving only the imprint of the vertebrae and isolated bone. Interestingly, ARM had access only to the counterpart (MNB R 1890.2) while visiting the MNB in the late 1980s. Because the same curator (the late Dr Herman Jaeger) hosted ARM's visit and sent the cast to Warren and Hutchinson (1983), it can be safely assumed that the latter authors also saw the counter-slab. According to Maisch and Matzke (2005), the other slab was originally in Munich, but is now unaccounted for. In fact, the main slab was also housed in the MNB, but in a different part of the collection, and was relocated only in 2010. Both slabs have now been reunited.

The specimen is about 200 mm long in total (Fig. 1). The last four or five vertebrae decrease rapidly in size, which indicates that the tail remained relatively thick almost up to its end. Most vertebrae are damaged to some extent. Each vertebra consists of a single centrum with a fused neural arch. The centra are relatively short and cotton-reel shaped (i.e., cylindrical with slightly expanded anterior and posterior sections), even in posteriormost vertebrae. They appear to have been amphicoelous. A superficial blood vessel has left a groove on the lateral surface of each centrum. This groove extends from the posterodorsal corner to the middle of the ventral margin of each centrum in lateral view. In two of the vertebrae, a second groove branches off the first one in the middle of the centrum and extends anteriorly. The pre- and postzygapophyses are well-defined, even on posterior caudals, and set close to the centrum. The neural arch is low and the neural spine is relatively poorly developed. Transverse processes are present at least up to the tenth preserved caudal vertebra, but their lateral development is uncertain.

An isolated fragment of bone is preserved close to the anterior part of the tail. The imprint reveals a proximal head slightly expanded forming an articular surface, an elongate body slightly arched, and a distal part terminating bluntly (Fig. 2). This bone can therefore be confidently identified as a haemal arch, or chevron. The first four caudal vertebrae have no associated haemal arches, but they may have been disarticulated. A roundish bony element, intercentral in position, is associated with each subsequent vertebra. Each of these elements appears to be in articulation with the centrum directly anterior to it. Because the caudal series is preserved in lateral view, it is uncertain whether these elements are paired or not. However, they are probably best interpreted as haemal arches as well (see below).

Jaekel (1904), Kuhn (1964), and Warren and Hutchinson (1983) all interpreted MNB R 1890 as having centra divided into intercentrum and pleurocentrum (Fig. 1a). For Jaekel (1904) and Kuhn (1964), the larger element in each vertebra was the intercentrum, whereas the smaller unit was the pleurocentrum. In contrast, Warren and Hutchinson (1983) interpreted the larger element as the pleurocentrum, which suggested reptilian rather than amphibian affinities. However, close examination of the specimen reveals that the centra are in fact single. What previous authors interpreted as a separation between putative inter- and pleurocentrum is in fact a groove left by a superficial blood vessel on the lateral surface of the single centrum. Consequently, this tail does not belong to any primitive tetrapod with a multipart centrum (i.e., temnospondyls, anthracosaurs).

MNB R 1890 is characterized by single, relatively short, cotton-reel shaped centra that do not reduce gradually in size (Fig. 1). Among potential mid-Mesozoic candidates, the distal extremity of the tails of lizards, crocodiles, rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, dinosaurs, early birds, and mammals all have long centra reducing gradually in size posteriorly. Similarly, ichthyosaurs can be ruled out as well because their centra are flat, hockey-puck shaped discs reducing gradually in size distally. This leaves only turtles and plesiosaurs, if we restrict ourselves to groups that are known during the Late Jurassic. Many plesiosaurs have caudal centra that vary from disc-like to cotton-reel shaped. Haemal arches and caudal ribs are usually present most of the length of the tail. However, several characteristics exhibited by MNB R 1890 are inconsistent with an attribution to plesiosaurs: the centra of MNB R 1890 are too long; the zygapophyses are set too close to the centrum; the neural arches are too weakly developed dorsally.

Unfortunately, caudal vertebrae are rarely described in details in the literature, either for modern or fossil turtles, which greatly hinders comparisons. The tail is usually much reduced in most modern turtles. The caudal vertebrae are generally reduced to a cylindrical centrum and a low neural arch. The fusion of these elements is relatively delayed and may never happen in aquatic forms (Romer, 1956). Haemal arches (chevrons) are usually absent in modern forms. In contrast, the tail remains long and muscular in modern snapping turtles (Chelydridae) and Platysternon megacephalum. In Chelydra serpentina (e.g., FMNH 22056), the caudal centra are longer than those of MNB R 1890, and the neural spine is lower. Zygapophyses are set close to the centrum and are well developed all the way to the tip of the tail. In contrast to most modern turtles, haemal arches are present and occur on all caudal vertebrae but the anterior most ones. However, these haemal arches never reach the development observed in MNB R 1890. Caudal vertebrae also remain relatively robust and well-developed in modern sea turtles, especially in males (Wyneken, 2001).

The characteristics exhibited by MNB R 1890 (short, cotton-reel-shaped centra; low neural arch; zygapophyses and transverse process developed up to the tip of the tail) are finally only consistent with an identification as a turtle tail. The presence of well-developed haemal arches even on posterior most caudal vertebrae and the amphicoelous articulations suggest a plesiomorphic morphology. Conversely, the low neural arch and reduced transverse process indicate that the turtle to which this tail belonged was more derived than Proganochelys quenstedti and Meiolania platyceps (Gaffney, 1985 and Gaffney, 1990). More precise identification is hampered by lack of comparative material. If turtles are fairly abundant in many Kimmeridgian and Tithonian European deposits, notably in the Solothurn Limestone, caudal vertebrae, let alone articulated tails, are relatively uncommon. The tail is however partly known in some Eurysternidae. The tail is long and slender in Idiochelys fitzingeri (Meyer, 1839 and Rütimeyer, 1873). Eurysternum wagleri was initially described as having a short and stout tail (Joyce, 2000 and Zittel, 1877), but a recent reassessment revealed that the tail was also long and rather slender in this species (Anquetin and Joyce, 2014). This is also confirmed by several beautiful, undescribed specimens in private collections (e.g., Karl and Tichy, 2006). Joyce (2000) described the tail of Solnhofia parsonsi has being intermediate in length between that of Idiochelys fitzingeri and that of Eurysternum wagleri. Based on published figures, the tail of Solnhofia parsonsi appears slenderer than that of the two aforementioned taxa. As far as we can tell, the caudal vertebrae of these three eurysternids are apparently amphicoelous, but detailed description of articular areas is missing. A long and relatively stout tail is also known in at least one specimen referred to the panpleurodire Platychelys oberndorferi (Karl and Tichy, 2006). However, the anatomy of the caudal vertebrae is not described in details in any of the aforementioned taxa, which prevents comparison with C. temnospondyla. Additionally, all of these taxa are small to moderately-sized turtles with the biggest Eurysternum wagleri probably reaching about 35–40 cm in carapace length (Anquetin and Joyce, 2014), whereas most known specimens of Idiochelys fitzingeri, Solnhofia parsonsi, and Platychelys oberndorferi are under 20 cm in carapace length. In contrast, the incomplete tail MNB R 1890 is about 20 cm in length and must have belonged to a much larger turtle. At the time, Thalassemydidae were large coastal marine turtles with carapace reaching more than 80 cm for the largest individuals (JA, unpubl. data), but the anatomy of their tail is not known. Therefore, mostly because of the scarcity of comparative material, the characteristics of MNB R 1890 remain undiagnostic at the species level. The best option is therefore to identify MNB R 1890 as Testudinata indet. and to consider C. temnospondyla as a nomen dubium (see below).

MNB R 1890 is nevertheless characterized by remarkable haemal arches. Starting from the fifth preserved caudal vertebra, these structures are rounded in lateral view, instead of slender and elongate. To our knowledge, such haemal arches have never been described in turtles. The Late Jurassic crocodylian Geosaurus is known to have somewhat similarly inflated haemal arches (Fraas, 1902). The posterior third of the caudal series in Geosaurus is strongly deflected ventrally and bears a double-lobed tail. Anterior to the deflection, the haemal arches are elongate and slender. Posterior to the deflection, the haemal arches are bean-shaped in lateral view and connected to the centra by means of a short rod of bone. The resemblance stops here though, and the caudal vertebrae described herein are clearly distinct from those of Geosaurus. Still, the peculiar haemal arches of MNB R 1890 may allow a better identification of this specimen in the future, when more comparative material is known.

Testudinata Klein, 1760 (sensu Joyce et al., 2004)

Cyrtura temnospondyla Jaekel, 1904

Taxonomic assessment: Nomen dubium.

Type material: Cyrtura temnospondyla is based on a single specimen (MNB R 1890), which is the holotype by monotypy. The holotype specimen consists of two slabs: the main slab with the bony elements (MNB R 1890.1) and the counterpart (MNB R 1890.2), which only preserves a mould of the bony elements.

Type horizon and locality: Solnhofen Limestone, Late Jurassic (Tithonian), Germany. There is no reference to the exact locality either in the available literature, or in the MNB catalogue. Only in recent MNB labels is the reference to Solnhofen crossed out and replaced by ‘Eichstätt’, but we are unable to confirm this information.

Illustrations of type: Jaekel (1904, figure 6; Fig. 1a); Kuhn (1964, fig. 1a); Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.

Referred specimens: None.

Remarks: MNB R 1890 can be confidently identified as a turtle tail (see above). However, in the current state of knowledge, its anatomical characteristics do not allow to recognize a taxon at the species level. Therefore, C. temnospondyla is a valid name, but must be considered a nomen dubium.